Dr. Martin Fontanari

Dr. Fontanari is a sought-after lecturer, moderator and network manager for new initiatives.

After studying business administration and political science at the Universities of Innsbruck and Trier and successful doctoral studies at the University of Trier (1994), the first professional stations took him from KPMG Consulting in Cologne (1994 - 1995) in the management of Schitag Ernst & Young Consulting to Munich (1995 - 1998) and thence to the management of the European Tourism Institute in Trier (1998 to 2005).

From 2005 to 2008 he headed the international secretariat of the Papal Relief Church in Need in Königstein / Ts. in the senior management of the marketing and information department and coordinated public relations in addition to the 17 National offices on three continents.

Since 2009 he is a partner and in the management of benchmark:services and, since 2015 Professor for "Tourism - and Event Management" at the International School of Management in Cologne.

Expertise

  • Study focuses in the areas of strategy development, organizational design, marketing and HR
  • Conducting scientific studies and analysis
  • Preparation of the development of tourist destinations, regions and countries
  • Market analysis and marketing consultancy
  • Development of organizational plans
  • Plausibility checks of tourism infrastructure projects
  • Benchmarking, Best Practice Analysis
  • Concepts of innovation, innovation management
  • Moderation of workshops - design of trainings and seminars

Personal References

  • Support to the Decentralisation Reform in Ukraine, U-LEAD II (2021-2022)
  • Product Development - Support to Sustainable Tourism Development in Belarus, EuropeAid (2017 -2018)
  • Gestaltung und Moderation eines Zielvereinbarungsworkshops zur Stärkung der touristischen Strukturen im Landkreis Miltenberg (2015)
  • Strengthening the capacities of the Institute for Tourism Development & Research in Vietnam (2014 - 2015)
  • Strategie-Workshop zur Entwicklung der strategischen Positionierung von Bad Kissingen (2013)
  • Marketing-Agenda zur Entwicklung Spiritueller WanderRouten von Maria Buchen und Schmerlenbach bis Walldürn (2012)
  • Expertenbefragung und Erarbeitung eines Finanzierungsantrags für die Region Spessarträuberland (2011)
  • Strategische Projektentwicklung im Vertriebsbereich (Rink GmbH) (2011)
  • Projektworkshop zur Entwicklung einer spirituellen WanderRoute in Nordfranken (2010)
  • Touristische Gesamtstrategie für die Heilbäder Bad Kreuznach und Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg (2009 – 2010)
  • Investoren- und Finanzierungsmarketing für eine Start-up-Gründung eines GIS-basierten Analysesystems für Erdoberflächen und geologische Schichten (2009)
  • Logo-, Homepage- und Leitbildentwicklung für eine gemeinnützige Stiftung; Aufbaumanagement und Planung (2009)
  • Entwicklung eines strategischen Tourismuskonzeptes für den Flughafen Hahn (2009)
  • Design, visualization and project management of "Al-Noor", a family theme park for Qatar and the UAE (2008/2009) on behalf of: European Investment & Business Development LLC, Oman / ETC - European Tourism Consortium
  • Workshop on designing an image campaign for nursing and retirement homes (2009) Client: Northern Regional Management GmbH
  • Team and Organization Workshop Steinhuder Meer (2009) Client: Steinhuder Meer Tourismus GmbH
  • Design of a Leisure Lodging in Muscat / Oman (2008) Client: European Investment & Business Development LLC, Oman
  • Brand Strategy Workshop with the tourist network Nordhessen (2008) Commissioned by: Northern Regional Management GmbH (2008)
  • Moderator of the Symposium Health region Hersfeld-Rotenburg: ideas and ways for the future (2008) Client: Wirtschaftsförderung Bad Hersfeld-Rothenburg
  • Pre-feasibility Leisure Park Al-Noor (2008) Commissioned by: MED - Middle East Development, Dubai
  • Market analysis, development and implementation support for the City of Cuxhaven in the light of the district of Cuxhaven (2004-2005) Client: Cuxhaven
  • Health Tourism model for Bad Harzburg (2004) Client: spa, tourism and business establishments in the town of Bad Harzburg GmbH
  • Implementation review and update of the tourism concept Rhineland-Palatinate from 1997 to 2010 (2003 - 2004) Client: Ministry of Economy, Transportation, Agriculture and Vineyards of Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Touristic Development Concept for the Yundang Lake / City of Xiamen, China (2003) Client: Municipality of the City of Xiamen / Tourism Office of the City of Xiamen
  • Organization + implementation of a symposium on tourism development for Poland in Warsaw (2003) Client: Ministry of Economy, Transportation, Agriculture and Vineyards of Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Inventory and analysis of the tourism objectives of the Greater Region Zweibrücken and presentation of the product derivation for the cross-border area (2003) Client: Flughafen Zweibrücken GmbH
  • Special evaluation of the VKA Lower Saxony to the North Sea Spas and derivation of strategic marketing activities (2003) Commissioned by: North Sea Ltd.
  • Study of health taxes in Lower Saxony (2002) Commissioned by: Ministry of Economy, Technology and Transport
  • Product proposals for a joint marketing approach (2002-2003) Client: Ministry of Economic Affairs of Saarland in consultation with the ECOSOC - Economic and Social Committee of the Grand Summit of Regions Saarland, Lorraine, Rhineland-Palatinate, Wallonia and Luxembourg / Belgium
  • Comparative analysis of Lower Saxony spas (2002/2003) Commissioned by: Ministry of Economy, Technology and Transport
  • Summer 2003 - A nationwide representative survey for the summer holiday of the German population (2003) Commissioned by: German National Tourist Board (DZT)
  • Organizational development for the future tourism structures Nenndorf Bad (2003) Commissioned by: Ministry of Economy, Technology and Transport
  • Tourism master plan for the special economic zone of Xiamen / Fujian / China (2002) Client: Planning and Tourism of the City of Xiamen
  • Compact strategy meeting "strategy days Nenndorf Bad" (2001) Client: Staatsbad Nenndorf GmbH
  • Mission Statement and Tourist Development for the Area East Frisia (2001-2003) Commissioned by: Ammerland, Aurich, Frisia, Leer and Wittmund and the towns of Emden and Wilhelmshaven
  • Development of organizational models for implementing the master plan for the Tourism Board of Saarland (2001) Client: TZS - Tourism Board of Saarland
  • Design and implementation of a Tourism Forum for the Land of Lower Saxony (2001) Commissioned by: Ministry of Economy, Technology and Transport of Lower Saxony
  • Project Analysis & and development of the Carinthia Tourism Master Plan (2001-2002) Client: Carinthia Infrastructure GmbH / Landesregierung Kärnten
  • Presenter & workshop series on developing and implementing a structure and rationalization plan for the area NatUrlaub to farmers (2001) Client: Ministry of Economy, Transportation, Agriculture and Vineyards of Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Tourist development concept for the region Mosel / Saar, with special consideration of the high transition on the Moselle B50neu (2000 - 2001) Commissioned by: Association for Bernkastel-Kues/Ministerium municipal economy, transport, agriculture and vineyards
  • "Luxembourg-Review" - Review of the implementation of the strategic tourism plan for the year 1992, analysis of the tourist redevelopment of the southern regions, and derive new approaches for the next five year plan of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (2001) Commissioned by: Ministry of Small Business and Tourism of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
  • Development of a tourism mission statement for the North Sea spa Esens-Bensersiel (2001) Client: North Sea Spa Kurverein Esens-Bensersiel eV
  • Development of organizational models for implementing the master plan in the Saarland (2001) Client: TZS - Tourism Board Saarland
  • Touristic Masterplan for the Fuxian Lake, China (2000) Client: People's Government of Yuxi City, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
  • Image analysis, industry structure, identification of the tourist shopping cart for the Isle of Norderney (2000) Client: Staatsbad Norderney
  • Preparation of a tourism master plan for the Saarland (2000) Commissioned by: Ministry for Economic Affairs of Saarland
  • Norderney Tourism Forum (2000) Client: Staatsbad Norderney GmbH
  • Strategic development and introduction of tourism activities on the Polish Baltic Sea coast (marketing, joint ventures, privatization, business creation, etc.) (from 1996 to 1998) Client: KfW
  • Investigation of the actual economic condition of the hotel and catering trades to assess the future development and investment needs for the state of Saxony (1994 - 1995) Commissioned by: Ministry of Labor and Economy of the Free State of Saxony
  • Developing a strategic tourism plan for a leading tourist regions in Europe, undertaking empirical studies, hospitality and competitive analysis, strategy conception (1991 - 1992) Commissioned by: Municipality of Seefeld

Publications

  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A (2022): Resilienz in Gesellschaft und Regionen, in: Z – für Zukunft, Ausgabe 3-4/22, S. 24-26.
  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A.; Kutsch, H. (2022): Organizing resilience within tourism enterprises, in: Valeri, M, Scuttari, A., Pechlaner, H. (2021). Resilienza e sostenibilità. Risposte locali a dinamiche globali. Giappichelli Editore: Torino. ISBN: 9-788892121058.2021
  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A.: Consensus and diversity regarding overtourism: the Delphi-study and derived assumptions for the post-COVID-19 time, 30 pages, in: International Journal of Tourism Policy, 2021
  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A.: Tourism Potentials in post-COVID19: The Concept of Destination Resilience for advanced sustainable Management in Tourism, in: TPD – Tourism Planning and Development, Volume 18, 2021
  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A.: Seraphin, H. (2020): (De)growth Imperative: The Importance of Destination Resilience in the Context of Overtourism, in: Andriotis, K. (ed.): Issues and Cases of Degrowth in Tourism, CABI, Oxfordshire, S. 22 – 41
  • Fontanari, M.; Traskevich, A. (2020). [Mental Wellness as a trend for spa-industry]. Cabines: International magazine for professionals in the spa & beauty industry, 151, pp. 38-43
  • Fontanari, M.; Rister-Berghaus, B. (2019): Problem and solution awareness in Overtourism: A Delphi Study, in: Pechlaner, H.; Innerhofer, E.; Erschbamer,G. (Hrsg.): Overtourism – Tourism Management and Solutions, Taylor & Francis Lt, 2019. S. 43-66
  • Fontanari, M; Traskevich, A.: The concept of destination resilience and prospects of its application with regard to rural destinations in Belarus, in: Belarusian Economic Journal, ISSN 1818-4510, 2019 No. 1, pp. 136 – 151
  • Traskevich, A; Fontanari, M: Mental Wellness in Resilient Destinations, in: International Journal of Spa and Wellness, ISSN 2472-1735, Taylor & Francis Group, Vol. 1, 2019, pp. 1 – 25
  • Traskevich, A.: Fontanari, M.: Mental Wellness: A Trend Health Tourism Theme, in: Gajdukevich, L.M. (Hrsg.): Current trends in international tourism development in the world and the Republic of Belarus in the context of globalization, BSU, 2018, pp. 66 – 77
  • Innerhofer, E.; Fontanari, M.; Pechlaner, H (Editors): Destination Resilience. Challenges and Opportunities for Destination Management and Governance, Routledge, 2018
  • Fontanari, M.; Kredinger, D.: Risk- and Resilience-Awareness. An Empirical Analysis of the Basic Supply in Regions and on the Demand Side, in: Innerhofer, E.; Fontanari, M.; Pechlaner, H (Editors): Destination Resilience. Challenges and Opportunities for Destination Management and Governance, Routledge, 2018
  • Fontanari, M.; Ewald, T.: The Market of the Tour Operators in Germany within a Disruptive Environment: Implications for the Management and the Resilient Orientation of Destinations, in: Innerhofer, E.; Fontanari, M.; Pechlaner, H (Editors): Destination Resilience. Challenges and Opportunities for Destination Management and Governance, Routledge, 2018
  • Fontanari, Martin; Kredinger Dirk: Risiko- und Resilienzbewusstsein. Empirische Analysen und erste konzeptionelle Ansätze zur Steigerung der Resilienzfähigkeit von Regionen, Dortmund und Münster, readbox uni-press, 2017 (Working Paper; 9)
  • Fontanari, Martin, Hallerbach, Bert, Differential instruments of regional and local tourism markets, in: Pechlaner, H., Bieger, T., Bausch, T. (eds.): Success in Tourism Concepts III, Series of the European Academy of Bolzano, Volume 10 Linde Verlag, pp 179 - 194
  • Fontanari, Martin: water as the base of the tourism experience, in: Voigt, Beatrice (ed.): Water. Treasure of the future, oekom Verlag, Munich, 2004, p. 76 - 80
  • Fontanari, Martin; Graeber, Sebastian: Active Golf without borders. Analysis and product suggestions for the international golf tourism in the Greater Region SaarLorLux Rhineland-Palatinate-Wallonia, ETI Reports - Volume 5, Trier, 2004
  • Fontanari, Martin; Collignon, Jean-Michel (ed.): World - tourist potentials and innovative product strategies, ETI Texts - Heft 20, Trier, 2004
  • Fontanari, Martin; Faby, Holger: Tourist Internet applications and quality characters, in: Weiermair, K., Pikkemaat, B (eds): Quality signs in tourism, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2004
  • Fontanari, Martin; Scherhag, Knut: 'Awareness of tourist facilities, in: Weiermair, K., Pikkemaat, B. (eds): Quality signs in tourism, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2004
  • Fontanari, Martin, Hallerbach, Bert: Research Issues: Tourism Master Plan Carinthia, in Bieger, Thomas (ed.): Tourism Education - A floor plan, Bern-Stuttgart, 2004
  • Fontanari, Martin; Partale, Alexandra: Health spas in the Tourist Competition - approaches for strategic thinking and action based on "Comparative analysis of spa (VKA), in: Brittner-Widmann, A., Quack, H.-D.; Wachowiak, H. (ed.): From recreation spaces to tourism destinations. Facets of tourism geography. Trier Geographische Studien, self-publishing house of the Geographical Society of Trier, Trier 2004, p. 163-179
  • Fontanari, Martin, Hallerbach, Bert; Philipsburg, Jens: demand-economic considerations for the design of marketable spa arenas - Case Study: plausibility test for the spa resort Hegyeshalom, Hungary, in: Fontanari, Martin; Collignon, Jean-Michel, Faby, Katja, (eds.): Spa oases and health-oriented experience arenas, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2003rd S. 67-112. P. 67-112
  • Fontanari, Martin; Faby, Katja: Offensive innovation in health tourism - Results from a German study of trends and Best Practise examples, in: Fontanari, Martin; Collignon, Jean-Michel, Faby, Katja (ed.): Spa oases and health-oriented experience arenas, ETI, Trier, the 2003rd S. 7-16
  • Fontanari, Martin; Collignon, Jean-Michel, Faby, Katja (ed.): Spa oases and health-oriented experience arenas, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2003rd
  • Fontanari, Martin Kern, Alexandra: The "Comparative Analysis of Spas" - An instrument for the re-positioning of spas in the Context of Competition in Spa and Health Tourism in: Tourism Review, Vol 58, No. 3 / 29003, p. 20-28
  • Fontanari, Martin; Partale, Alexandra: The Comparative Analysis of Spas (VKA), in: site - Journal of Applied Geography, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2003
  • Fontanari, Martin; Faby, Katja; Treinen, Matthias (ed.): Fund and trend sports as tourism magnets, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2002
  • Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari Markus (ed.): Tourism in the Europe of the Regions, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2001
  • Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari Markus (ed.): The role of tourism as a tool for holistic regional development - Regional integration, regional identity and regional economic development, in: Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari Markus (ed.): Tourism in the Europe of the Regions , ETI Eigenverlag, Volume 4, Trier 2001, p. 59 - 80
  • Fontanari, Martin L.; Kottkamp, Rainer: Tourism and leisure industry on new paths, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2001
  • Fontanari, Martin L., Kern, Alexandra: Lower Saxony in the German domestic tourism competition, in: Fontanari, Martin L.; Kottkamp, Rainer: tourism and leisure industry on new paths, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier 2001, p. 11-30
  • Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari, Markus: industrial sites - concepts for the staging, in: Hinterhuber, H.; Pechlaner, H. et al. (Ed.): Industry experience worlds. From location to destination, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 2001, p. 115 - 140
  • Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari, Markus; Faby, Katja: The future today! Trends, product innovations and approaches of "networked tourist world of tomorrow, in: Fontanari, Markus; Faby, Katja; Treinen, Matthias: The Millennium of global networking, ETI Eigenverlag, Trier, 2001
  • Fontanari, Martin; Fontanari, Markus: sporting events as a tool of regional development, in: Trosien, G., Dinkel, M. (ed.): Sport tourism as an economic factor, Afra Verlag, Butzbach-Griedel, 2001, 25 p.
  • Fontanari, M., Herrmann, P.: Strategies for Tourism SaarLorLux, in Leinen, Jo (ed.): Saar-Lor-Lux. A region with a future! Röhrig Universitätsverlag, Saarbrücken, 2001, 20 S. Röhrig Universitätsverlag, Saarbrücken, 2001, 20 p.
  • Fontanari, M., Becker, C.: Organizational structures in the German tourism, in: Becker, C., Job, H.: National Atlas of Germany, Volume 10, leisure and tourism, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000, 4 p.
  • Fontanari, Martin: Trends and Prospects for the subregion and the development of Destination Management, in: Fontanari, M; Scherhag, K. (ed.): Competition of European destinations, Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000.
  • Fontanari, M.; Hörning, F.: Information systems for the mobility management, in: Stadt Münster / European Commission (ed.): Interfaces in mobility management, Dortmund Sales for Building and Planning Literature, Vol 6, Transport & Specialty, Dortmund 2000, 6 S .
  • Fontanari, M., Müller, H.: Tourism Policy and factors of successful implementation, in: AIEST (Hsrg.): Revue de Tourisme, 3 / 1999, p. 19-27
  • Fontanari, M.; Weid, M.: Industrial tourism as a tool for positioning in the competition between destinations, in: Fontanari, M.; Treinen, M; Weid, M. (Eds.): Industrial Tourism in the competition among regions, ETI publications, 1999, 104 p.
  • Fontanari, Martin: utilization of castles and fortresses in the establishment of a regional service center in the framework of the tourist destination management, in: Pechlaner, H. (ed.): Castles of tradition and economics, Vienna 1999
  • Fontanari, M.; Hallerbach, B.: Tourism volume and travel behavior of the resident population of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 1997, in: STATEC Luxembourg (Eds.), No. 1 / 1999
  • Fontanari, Martin: cooperation strategies for the small-and medium-structured hotel, in: Chromik, R.; Elith, A.; by Reith (Ed.): Vision in European Tourism Management, FTM Trier, 1996, p. 175 - 189
  • Fontanari, Martin: concentration processes in tourism, in: Chromik, R.; Elith, A., of Reith, S. (eds): Visions in European Tourism Management, FTM Trier, 1996, p. 255 - 259th
  • Fontanari, Martin: Co-operation as a survival strategy. A conceptual framework for small-and medium-structured guest farms in the European Single Market, in: Fontanari, Martin; Rohte, Sven (ed.): Vision in European Tourism Management, Gabler, Wiesbaden 1995, p. 168 - 184
  • Fontanari, Martin; Rohte, Sven: Tourist visions. A conceptual framework for future tourism developments, in: Fontanari, M.; Rohte, S. (eds): Visions in European Tourism Management, Wiesbaden 1995, p. 3-16
  • Fontanari, Martin: environmental management in tourism. Research and application in the tourist Seefeld, in: Wöhler, Schertler (Eds.): Tourism Environmental Management, FBV Media Verlags GmbH, Limburgerhof 1993, p. 219 - 248
  • Fontanari, Martin: Waste management issues and modern tourism management, in: Pillmann, Woltz (Eds.): Environmental tourism. From the change to relaying, ISEP, Vienna, 1993, p. 266 - 279
  • Fontanari, Martin: strategic approaches to tourism communities, in: Pillmann, Predl (eds): Strategies for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Tourism, ISEP, Vienna, 1992, p. 581 - 594
  • Fontanari, Martin; Bellinger, C.: Eco strategies in tourism. Environmental orientation as a strategic success factor in the hotel industry, in: Becker, Schertler, Steinecke (Eds.): Prospects of Tourism in the center of Europe, ETI-Studien, Band 1, Trier, 1992, p. 92-111.
  • Fontanari, M.; Schertler, W.; Spehl, H.: Ecologically-based tourism management. Overall analysis of the tourism community and the design of a Seefeld environmentally and socially responsible tourism, the focus TRS Series, University of Trier, 1992.
  • Fontanari, Martin: Environmental awareness - more apparent than his? In First Holistic Reisekatalog 2 / 92, Tara Extra, Hamburg, 1992, p. 18/19.
  • Fontanari, M.; Schertler, W.; Spehl, H.: Eco strategies in tourism, the focus TRS Series, University of Trier, 1991.
  • Fontanari, Martin: information science and information management in the tourism, in: Fontanari, M.; Schertler, W. (ed.): Industry-specific segment analysis. Modules for Strategic Tourism Management, Module I, seminar work-study compendium of gravity "Tourism, Regional Development and Human Settlements (TRS), University of Trier, 1990, p. 109 - 121st
  • Fontanari, Martin: The bus traffic, in: Fontanari, M.; Schertler, W. (ed.): Industry-specific segment analysis. Modules for Strategic Tourism Management, Module I, seminar work-study compendium of gravity "Tourism, Regional Development and Human Settlements (TRS), University of Trier, 1990, p. 282 - 296th
  • Fontanari, M.; Hörning, F.: Information for mobility management as integrative design approach, in: Stadt Münster / European Commission (ed.): Interfaces in mobility management, Dortmund 2000, p. 246 - 249;
  • Fontanari, M.: Integrated Management Application for the Olympic Games - the example of the candidacy of Innsbruck, Tyrol, in Freyer, W., Meyer, D.; Scherhag, K.: Events - a growing tourist market, Dresden, FIT-Verlag, 1998 , p. 135-162.
  • Fontanari, M.: Cooperation design processes in theory and practice. Theoretical model implications, Duncker & Humblodt, Berlin 1996
  • Fontanari, M.; Stupperich, D.: Success dimensions and strategic options in the market for environmental technology, in: Seibt (ed.): Environmental. Specialized shopping guide for the Environmental, Seibt Verlag, Munich, 1996
  • Fontanari, M.; Stötzel, B.: Multimedia Online-/Network services paragraph as a new instrument, in: Fischer (Eds.): Marketing, Loseblattwerk, Verlag moderne industrie, 5 / 1995
  • Fontanari, M.: Revolution in sight. German companies miss multimedia market opportunities in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, published leaflet, media & communications, 29 August 1995, S. B2. August 1995, p. B2.
  • Fontanari, M.; Rohte, S. (eds): Management of European tourism, Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 1995
  • Fontanari, M., Gürtler, G.: Co-operation in support of Counter Trade. Special forms of distribution channels, in: Fischer (Eds.): Marketing, Loseblattwerk, Verlag moderne industrie, 3 / 1995 p. 1 - 32
  • Fontanari, M.: Conditions for the success of cooperation. An empirical analysis, in: Schertler, Walter (Hrsg.): Management of enterprise collaborations, Ueberreuter Verlag, Wien / Berlin 1995, p. 117 - 187
  • Fontanari, M.: Critical success factors for housing, in: Michels, W.; Thoss, R. (eds): Living 2000 - impetus for new business strategies, Reihe Münster housing economic talks, University of Münster 1995, 75 - 101
  • (Fontanari, M.); o. / N. / Luk: Perfect Minimize: (...) Three recipes for success for environmental companies in: Engineering Digest 12/93, p. 44
  • Fontanari, M., Schmidt, S.: Strategic alliances in the air: fuel for high-altitude flight, in: Tourism Management, 6 / 93, p. 24-25
  • Fontanari, M., Hammes, W.: Strategic Alliances, in: SOWI Club News, magazine of the Alumni Association SOWI, No. 4 / 90, University of Innsbruck, 1990, p. 15-16